To track wage advances, set up the following: 

• an asset account
• a payroll wages category
• a payroll deductions category

1. Create an asset account with the Account Type set to Bank. This account will be used to keep track of how much you have advanced, and how much is repaid.
   
2. Create a wages category. This category will allow you to include the advance on the employee's pay.
   • Select Salary for the Type of Wages.
   • Select Optional Account and choose the asset account created above.
   • Click Employee and select the employee who is being paid the advance.
   • In our example we'll click Exempt and select the PAYG Withholdings category so the advance is tax-free.
   
3. Create a deductions category. This category will allow you to withhold the advance from the employee's future pay.
   • Select the asset account created above for the Linked Payable Account.
   • Set the Calculation Basis to User-Entered Amount per Pay Period.
    

No, the taxation laws do not provide for the amount or how to determine the amount of an insurance payout. The amount the insurer pays is determined in accordance with the terms and conditions of your insurance policy.

If you pay an excess to your insurer, you do not include the amount of the excess at G11 on your BAS. One way of accounting for the excess would be to subtract it from the gross payment (that is, the insurance payout amount before the excess is deducted by the insurer) and allocate it to an expense account with an N-T tax code in a Receive Money transaction.